Sunday, May 8, 2016

Sense And Avoid Selection


            It was once considered unlikely for Small Unmanned Aerial Systems (sUAS) to carry the necessary equipment to sense and avoid (SAA) other objects in its flight path.  The DJI Phantom 4 overcomes that limitation with it Obstacle Sensing System (Drone World, n.d.). 

Specifications

Cost

            The full system cost is $1,559.00 which will include the vehicle, two batteries, camera with integrated gimbal, and controller.  

Weight

            1380 grams (3.0424 pounds). 

Power Requirements

            Power is provided to the vehicle and camera through a 5350 mAh, 15.2 volt LiPo 4S battery, giving the vehicle an approximate 28 minutes of flight time (DJI Phantom 4 Specs, n.d). 

Discussion

            sUAS have become tools used in agriculture, filmmaking, aerial photography at special events, in many other industries and applications (Meyerson, B. 2015).  To safely expand the potential use of sUAS, these systems must be able to adjust their flight path in response to other object in their immediate area, just as birds, and other wildlife is able to do.  Drones are employed to do tasks considered dull, and/or dangerous such as power and pipeline inspection.  They may also be used to deliver medial suppose in emergency situations (Meyerson, B., 2015).   In his online article, Meyerson discusses technological advances where SAA systems have been demonstrated weighing as little as 8 g (.0176 pounds).  This clearly shows where sUAS may be equipped in a similar fashion to much larger systems, making them less of a hazard when operated in the National Air Space (NAS).

            The DJI Phantom 4 can be used both professionally by video journalist, realtors, and other professionals where aerial photography is needed.  It can also be used recreationally by people that want to capture images as they hike, run, ski, or surf.  In all cases, SAA is an essential element to safe operations, particularly when operated around other people or aircraft.

Conclusion

            sUAS have received extensive news coverage regarding their crashes, and hazardous operations and deservedly so as in many cases the crash is the result of pilot error.  Unchecked, this could have a negative impact on the future of sUAS in the NAS.  (Johnson, J., 2015, September 17).  The advances in SAA, and other advances in sUAS technology will help to overcome the current crash rate, and allow the beneficial use of sUAS for a multitude of applications, safely and effectively.  The SAA technology might also save the owner and operator from a costly miscalculation.


References

DJI Phantom Sense & Avoid Obstacle Avoidance, (n.d.).  Drone World.  Retrieved from: http://www.drone-world.com/dji-phantom-4-sense-avoid-obstacle-avoidance/

 

Johnson, J. (2015, September 17), The Ugly Truth About “Drone Crashes, sUAS News, The Business of Drones.  Retrieved from http://www.suasnews.com/2015/09/the-ugly-truth-about-drone-crashes/

 

Meyerson, B. (2015, March 4), Emerging Tech 2015: Sense and Avoid Drones, (n.d), World Economic Forum.  Retrieved from:  https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/03/emerging-tech-2015-sense-and-avoid-drones/

 

 

Sunday, May 1, 2016

Control Station Analysis

Unmanned Maritime Systems Control Station Analysis


Summary
            In January, 2014 the United States Navy awarded a $7.1-million-dollar contract to Bluefin Robotics to develop Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUVs) based on the already proven Bluefin 21 UUV.  The effort is to create an autonomous vehicle for long range multi-static mine hunting; anti-submarine warfare (ASW) and mine countermeasure (MCM) (Keller, J., 2014).  While unmanned aerial vehicles may get more media attention, and be more widely discussed, this contract award illustrates the growing demand for unmanned systems in other domains including the maritime environment.


Discussion
Hardware
            Once the mission parameters are loaded into the Bluefin 21, and the vehicle is released into the water, communications are provided through radio frequency (RF), Iridium, and acoustic signal (Bluefin Robotics).


Software
            Through a graphical user interface (GUI), the operator has access to a comprehensive tool suite to develop the mission, monitor the mission execution, data management, and conduct post-mission data analysis (Bluefin Robotics, n.d.).  This includes the mission planning tool, checkout and mission monitoring tools, and Lantern, the analysis and reporting tool (Bluefin Robotics, n.d.).


User Interface
            The current user interface (UI) is illustrated below in figure 1.  This provides a mean for the operator to interface with the vehicle.  These are Microsoft Windows based applications providing the user with an easy to use, intuitive interface (Bluefin Robotics).

Figure 1  Bluefin 21 Operator Tool Suite
Negative Issues
            Navigation of the current Bluefin-21 UUV is customizable and may include compass-based navigation, inertial navigation systems (INS), and Hull-Relative Navigation (Bluefin Robotics, n.d.).  Bluefin Robotics is continuously working to improve navigation capabilities through research into advanced technologies such as Moving Long Base Line Navigation (MLBL) which interfaces with acoustic transponders located within the vehicle itself (Bluefin Robotics, n.d.).  This allows for greater autonomy in areas where transponders would not already be present.


Recommended Changes
            As Bluefin works toward developing better systems, there remain few areas not for improvement not already discussed or already being researched. One area however is in the limited communications capabilities currently available with underwater vehicles.  Because RF is so restricted in an aquatic environment, these systems must either rely on acoustic communications channels or they must surface.  This is a clear area for further study and research.


Conclusion
            The Bluefin-21 is already an impressive tool for the protection of naval vessels providing a capability for mine detection and counter-measure, and anti-submarine warfare.  Newer research will provide an even greater capability for the underwater environment through improved sensors, communications, and navigation.


References
Bluefin-21, (n.d.). Bluefin Robotics.  Retrieved from: http://www.bluefinrobotics.com/vehicles-batteries-and-services/bluefin-21


 Keller, J., (2014, April 14), Bluefin Robotics Wins $7.1 Million Contract To Devleop Navy’s Next-Generation Underwater Drones.  Military & Aerospace Electronics.  Retrieved from:  http://www.militaryaerospace.com/articles/2014/04/bluefin-black-pearl.html


Figures
 Figure 1           Operator Tool Suite.  Retrieved from:  http://www.bluefinrobotics.com/assets/Uploads/Maritime-Bluefin-21-UUV-01-0416.pdf